DEFINITION:
The term “prudence” refers to the virtue, or character trait, consisting of the propensity to exercise appropriate caution and circumspection when contemplating an action.
ETYMOLOGY:
“Prudence” is one of the four Classical “cardinal virtues.” It is a translation of the Latin word prudentia, which is, in turn, a translation of the Greek word phronēsis.
Alternatively, the virtue prudentia/phronēsis was also known as sapientia in Latin and sōphia in Greek, both meaning “wisdom.”
The English word “prudence” is attested from the fourteenth century. It derives from Latin prudentia via Middle English and Middle French.
DISCUSSION:
According to ancient Greek virtue ethics (see Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Book II), the virtues represent a mean between two extremes. In the case of “prudence,” the extreme of deficiency is rashness, while the extreme of excess is indecisiveness.
“Prudence” involves due deliberation with respect to relevant circumstances and the potential consequences of a contemplated action.
It is an extremely important virtue, because it is the basis upon which all our successful coping ability depends.
In other words, “prudence” is what allows us to act in such a way as to achieve our goals within the natural and social worlds.